Land as a Landscape Element
In this course we shall learn about Geology and Geo-morphology, Soils : Introduction, Structure, Texture, Degradation & Pollution and Soil conservation methods and structures.
Geology and Geo-morphology:
Geology is the science that deals with the physical matter and energy which constitute the earth. It encompasses the study of the composition, structure, properties and history of the planets physical material and processes by which it is formed, moved and changed. It also comprises the study of history of life on earth. The study of geology is basic to the understanding of life on Earth, the genesis of land forms and soils, groundwater regimes, climatic processes and vegetation patterns. Geology is the underground structure of landscape as we see it.
Geo-morphology is the study of land forms and natural and anthropological processes that shape them. Wind, waves, weathering, groundwater, surface water, glaciers, earthquakes, volcanoes etc. are the primary surface processes that are responsible for most geomorphic features.
Soil:
Top soil or surface soil:
Top soil is the uppermost layer (0 to 300 mm) of a soil, rich in organic matter. The roots of the plants largely depend on this layer for meeting water and nutrient needs. It has organic matter that increase the ability of the soil to retain moisture and make it available to plants. Organic matter also prevents and reduces erosion by binding the top soil.
Subsoil:
Subsoil is the layer of soil under the top soil. It is usually poor in organic matter as compared to the surface soil. It plays an important role in landscape construction. Subsoil drainage systems are provided to drain away excessive subsurface water in order to prevent water logging of soils and make them suitable for planting and construction purposes by reducing moisture content.
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